ABC of Toxicological Pathology: G
G from Genetically Modified Mice in preclinical
Genetically modified mice, often referred to as transgenic mice, are mice that have been altered through the introduction of specific genes from other organisms or through the modification of their own genes. These modifications are carried out in a laboratory setting using advanced techniques in molecular biology.
The primary goal of creating genetically modified mice is to study the function of genes, understand their roles in biological processes, and investigate their potential contributions to diseases. These mice serve as valuable models for scientific research, as they allow researchers to investigate the effects of specific genes in a controlled environment.
Transgenic Mice Models
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The process of creating genetically modified mice typically involves the following steps:
Gene Selection: Researchers select the gene of interest that they want to study. This could be a gene related to a specific disease, a developmental process, or any other biological phenomenon.
Gene Isolation and Modification: The selected gene is isolated from its source organism or synthesized in the laboratory. Researchers can then modify the gene by adding, deleting, or altering specific sections to achieve the desired effect. For example, they might insert a human gene into a mouse to study the effects of that human gene in a mouse model.
Vector Construction: The modified gene is inserted into a DNA molecule known as a vector, which acts as a delivery vehicle for introducing the gene into the mouse's genome. Common vectors include plasmids or viruses that are specially engineered to carry the gene of interest.
Embryonic Stem Cell Manipulation: The vector containing the modified gene is introduced into embryonic stem cells, which are a type of undifferentiated cell that can give rise to various cell types in the body. These cells are then cultured and selected for the successful incorporation of the modified gene.
Mouse Embryo Injection: The modified embryonic stem cells are injected into very early-stage mouse embryos. These embryos are then implanted into a surrogate mother mouse for gestation.
Mouse Breeding and Analysis: If the genetically modified embryonic cells successfully integrate into the mouse's genome, the resulting mice will carry the modified gene in their DNA. These mice are bred to create a population of mice with the desired genetic alteration. Researchers then study these mice to observe the effects of the modified gene on various biological processes or disease development.
Genetically modified mice have contributed significantly to our understanding of genetics, human health, and disease. They are used to study a wide range of conditions, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and more. These mice allow researchers to test hypotheses, develop and test potential therapies, and gain insights into the functions of specific genes in living organisms. However, it's important to note that ethical considerations and regulatory guidelines govern the creation and use of genetically modified animals for research purposes.